Social Inequalities

To find out as to what extent social class not only shapes attitudes, values and beliefs, but also has a significant impact on life chances, I will begin by defining social stratification, social class and life chances. Sociological theories will also be used to help understand society. Education and employment impact on society will also be discussed using journal articles obtained as a guide. To understand social stratification, it is important to make a distinction between social inequality, which refers to the existence of socially created inequalities whereas social stratification is a particular form of inequality. It refers to the presence of distinct social groups which are ranked one above the other in terms of factors such as prestige and wealth. Using the functionalist theory, we can understand stratification better as this theory views society as a system that is set of interconnected parts which together form a whole. Talcott Parsons (1902- 79). Davis and moore (1945), claimed that all societies have some form of social stratification. George Peter Murdock (1949) maintained that the family exists in every known human society. All these people seem to suggest that individual families and social stratification meet needs that are common to all societies. I agree with the functionalism theory as it is small groups such as families that make up society as a whole. Each family trying to survive and do better than others in the process bettering the society. For a society to survive, functional prerequisites of society are required as Marion J. Levy (1952) argued that a society would cease to exist if its members were absorbed into another society or involved in a war of all against all. Marion J. Levy ’ s argument can be challenged. With the shortage of housing, families getting absorbed into another society would be replaced by families searching for accommodation. On the other hand, ethnomethodologists follow Alfred Schutz (1932) in believing there is no real social order as other sociological perspectives assume. Social life appears orderly to members of society only because members actively engage in making scence of social life. According to Zimmerman and Wieder (1971), society go about the task of seeing, describing and explaining order in the world in which they live. Social class – Savage et al. described social class as social collectivises rooted in particular types of exploitative relationships. These collectivises are groups of people who share levels of income, lifestyles, cultures and political orientations. An example of this could be a group of footballers, would share the same level of income, with similar lifestyles will act or be seen or perceived differently to golf players who are equally rich but may have a different lifestyle to footballers. This can be linked to Marxist theory. Karl Marx (1818- 83) regarded people as both the producers and the products of society. People are regarded as producers as they make society and themselves by their own actions. People are regarded as products of society in that they are shaped by the social relationships and systems of thought they create. To support Karl Marx ’ s comment on people being a product of society, a real life example could be given where a student joins university for the first time. University can be regarded as a society with different individuals, all trying to achieve the same thing. It is up to the new student to choose the group he joins and this will affect the student ’ s life at university if in a bad group or good group thereby making the student a product of that society. Life chances- Gerth and mills, (1954) stated that a person ’ s position in a stratification system may have important effects on many areas of life. It may enhance or reduce life chances that is their chances of obtaining those things that are desirable and avoiding those things defined as undesirable in their society. (Max Weber). To help determine whether in fact social class not only shapes attitudes, values and beliefs, it is important to categorize social class. Social class refers to the persistent social inequalities. Two distinct types of social inequality have been identified by researchers working with two different sociological theories. One theory is derived from the work of Karl Marx the other from the writings by Max Weber, which are somewhat critical of Marx ’ s work. Marxian approach suggests that social class was defined by ownership of the means of production bourgeoisie who exploit the workers who do not own the means of production (proletariat). Source: the Canadian encyclopedia. Marxian approach can be challenged as it does not refer to occupation or levels of income. Marxian approach regarded everyone that did not own land as proletariat. This would mean that senior managerial administrative and manual working class would be regarded as being in the same class (proletetariat). There is a vast difference between the income and benefits of senior managers compared to manual workers therefore it wouldn ’ t be right to put the two in the same class. Ethnic and gender factors are mportant in differentiating people and in relating them to the general division of labour and inequalities of opportunity and conditions which are associated with it. Another way of categorizing class is by referring to upper class, consisting of property owners (bourgeoisie), middle class consisting of senior managers, middle managers and supervisory and service worker class and finally the working class or lower class consisting of manual work ers. A variety of studies have shown that non-manual workers enjoy advantages over manual workers in terms of their life chances. The office for national statistics (ONS), has compiled a range of statistical evidence on inequalities between classes in England and Wales. (Focus on social inequalities 2004). In 2002, 77% of year 11 children with parents in higher professional occupations obtained five or more GCSE ’ S at grade C or above, compared to 32% of those with parents in routine occupations. In my opinion, the above statistics suggest that parents can also act as role models to their children. An example is that if a parent is CEO of an organization, he/she will encourage their children to do well at school and reach the same level or above the parent position. Just for being CEO, this parent has set a target level for his/her children which is quit hard to archive but with the parent ’ s income, the child can go to private school and increase life chances. On the other hand, it would be hard for a parent in manual labour to encourage their child to reach CEO position. This child may see this as an impossible task and will settle for the same factory job or aspire to be the factory supervior. This child ’ s parent income could not be enough to better life chance. Social class does really shape attitudes, values and beliefs and this can be supported by the common American saying â€Å" The American dream † . The American dream can be explained as a belief and the freedom that allows all citizens and residents to achieve their life chances in the USA. Today, in America it generally refers to the idea that one ’ s prosperity depends upon one ’ s own abilities and hard work. ( wikipedia encyclopedia). This is a message passed on to all people in America but in my opinion, people from the lower class are likely to believe in the American dream as some form of comfort or assurance that things could get better in future. The journal article below is by Andrew Billen. The Times. London uk. Aug 20, 2007. Pg 19(Full article can be found on Appendix 1) Page 2 In last night ’ s season opener, the fascistically titled the will to win[Robert Winston] fretted at age 7 their fates may already be sealed. Certainly, by the programme ’ s end it looked if the Jesuits knew what they were talking about. As little William sprinted ahead of the pack to the finishing line of his private school ’ s egg and spoon race, his ambitious mother was convinced he was already the person he would become. â€Å" I ’ m definitely going to win, † he had confidently predicted half an hour earlier. â€Å" And I ’ m going to come second, † chipped in his friend, the sort of friend William would need. Down at the other end of Britain, where life chances are more ragged, was [James], whose ambition in life had hardened up: he wanted to be a robber. His answer to a dumbed-down IQ test question, â€Å" what do you do if you find a wallet on the floor? † was â€Å" take it home † . Despite this, James ’ s IQ was found to be just a touch below average. If only he had been clever enough to choose different parents. His father had scampered when he was an infant, leaving his mother Carol, struggling. This article points out that a child born in an upper class family will have better life chances as they will be able to attend very good schools or private schools thereby bettering their chances of succeeding. Page 2 Aspects of life such as income play an important part in achieving life chances as pointed out by the article below taken from Allister Heath. Sunday Business London (UK) Jun 26. 2005 pg 1. The writer noted that the UK is plagued with low social mobility; and that this is partly due to the strong and increasing relationship between family income and educational attainment. The proportion of children from the poorest fifth of families born during the early 1980s obtaining a degree has increased from 6% to 9%, while the graduation rate for the richest fifth has risen from 20% to 47%. Full article can be found on Appendix 2) Social class still exists at present as most of what we do on a daily basis is determined by how we perceive or wish to perceive ourselves. Eg, the cars we choose to buy, friends we choose etc. Jonathan Moore, UK BBC Publication, 18/12/2007 I fully agree that social class does in fact have a significant impact on life chances. The functionalist theory did des cribe society as a system that is set of interconnected parts which together form a whole. This brings out the fact that society is divided into different classes and that inequalities do exist. William, in the journal article was positive he would win because of his up brining from his parents not to accept second best. His parents, through their jobs have set a target for William which will affect his life chances. REFERENCES Martin Holborn and Mike Haralambos, sociology themes and perspectives, seventh edition, 2007. Tony J. Watson, sociology ,work and industry, third edition, 1995. Mike Noon and Paul Blyton, the realities of work, second edition, 2002. Keith Grint, the sociology of work, third edition, 2005. The times. London(uk): Aug 20, 2007 pg 19. Sunday Business. London(uk): Jun 26,2005 pg 1.

Gaspar Aquino de Belén Essay

Gaspar Aquino de Belen is a Filipina poet and translator of the 17th century, author in particular of Pasyon, a famous poetic of passion, died narration and resurrection of Christ. Filipino natives, generally were not taught Spanish, but the bilingual individuals, notably poet-translator Gaspar Aquino de Belen, produced devotional poetry written in the Roman script in the Tagalog language. Pasyon, begun by Aquino de Belen, is a narrative of the passion, death and resurrection of Jesus Christ, which has circulated in many versions. Gaspar Aquino de Belen was a Filipino poet and translator of the 17th century, known for authoring a 1704 rendition of the Pasyon: a famous poetic narrative of the passion, death and resurrection of Jesus, which has circulated in many versions. Generally Filipino natives were not taught Spanish, but the bilingual individuals, notably poet-translator Aquino de Belen, produced devotional poetry written in Latin script in the Tagalog language. Gaspar Aquino de Belen is a Filipino writer, poet and translator during the 17th century. Aquino de Belen was known for his work Mahal na Passion ni Jesu Christong Panginoon Natin na Tola, which was published in Manila by the Imprenta de la Compania por Nicolas de la Cruz Bagay in 1760. Filipino natives generally were not taught Spanish, but bilingual individuals called ladino, notably poet-translator Gaspar Aquino de Belen, produced devotional poetry written in the Tagalog language using Roman script. Pasyon, began by Aquino de Belen, is a narrative of the passion, death and resurrection of Jesus Christ.

Christianity and the comparison of two professor's viewpoints Essay

Christianity and the comparison of two professor's viewpoints - Essay Example The first argument is that Christians, like Jewish, believe in supreme god called Yahweh. They both perceive Yahweh as a single, creating, universal God who spoke through cannons or sacred text. Christianity is anchored on the principles that God still acts in the world just like He used to act during the time of Moses. He builds a personal relationship with anyone who believes on him or any person who follows His laws. Because of this, every Christian is expected to keep God’s laws and live a holy life(Boardman, Griffin & Murray 225). Christians, like Jewish, are expected to set an example of holiness and morality to the rest of the world. They also believe that both Christians and the Jewish believe that social justice is an imperative requirement that forms the main basis through which ethical standards for Christianity is determined. The two professors believe that both the Jewish and Christian believes that the image of Jesus as messiah is framed within the context of Jew ish prophetic literature (Matthews & Platt 53). Additionally, just like Judaism, Christian believes that there is a divine savior at the end of time. The two professors believes that Christian religion is indebted in Judaism and that for one to fully understand the principles governing that Christian life, he or she must have background information related to the Judaism. The two professors believed that Roman Empire had a lot of influence on Christianity’s history. The Roman Empire had several doctrines that were appealing. Political solidity and communication over a large area helped missionary efforts to spread the religion (Guisepi, 2003, p.56). Therefore, in the Western Humanities, Professor Matthews and Platt feel that the main influences on Christianity were Judaism and the Roman Empire with other, smaller religions also having an impact (Matthews & Platt 61). They believed that Roman Empire adopted Christianity as a way of teaching Christ and its ideology. They asserted that

First-hand experience of developing a market entry and a product Assignment

First-hand experience of developing a market entry and a product launch strategy for an international market - Assignment Example Launching a new effective pharmaceutical drug will take much time due to a long process of clinical trials. Moreover, for any Mexican company it will be difficult to enter the competition with other Latin American and North American pharmaceutical companies on equal positions. So it is possible to concentrate on cosmeceuticals and nutraceuticals, the sectors of pharmaceuticals, which have not been universally recognized yet but are extremely promising. Cosmeceuticals incorporates cosmetics and pharmaceuticals and produces cosmetic products (lotions, creams) with biologically active ingredients, such as anti-oxidants, peptides, enzymes, that can be medically beneficial to humans. There also exist pharmaceutical technology companies, which have special subdivisions specializing in cosmeceuticals. Nutraceuticals is a blend of nutrition and pharmaceutical implying products which give certain therapeutic effect and can potentially aid in diseases treatment or prevention (Kalra 1). Such pr oducts as dietary supplements and functional food are usually referred to nutraceuticals. In Latin America the market of â€Å"healthy ingredients† is developed on the retailer levels. Plants, leaves, roots, seeds are popular among locals as they are perceived as ethnic and natural. Local home-made oils, powders, and extracts from these valuable plants are also demanded due to their easy access and low price (Lajolo 2). The products that would be optimal to launch can be dietary supplements received from local Latin American plants, such as asai, guava, camu-camu and others, which are not recognized in the world but are well-known to the regional consumers (Lajolo 3). All these plants are not examined thoroughly but even preliminary research suggests that they have huge potential. Certain subdivision of pharmaceutical company can arrange scientific research and manufacture of these products. Among the variety of dietary supplements I would advise to dwell on

Comparison of Republicans and Democrats Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Comparison of Republicans and Democrats - Essay Example Recent Supreme Court rulings have allowed unlimited, undisclosed donations to be made by the super-rich and by multinational corporations to politicians from both parties that are seeking election. This creates a situation where both parties must do the bidding of these powerful donors once they are elected. If they do not, then these donors will support someone else in the next election. Both of these parties are dependant on rich people and special interest money to support their candidates. Another way Democrats and Republicans are similar is they refuse to take any responsibility for anything bad that happens. Both parties blame the other incessantly for the problems in America. Republicans blame the current state of the economy on the Democrats even though a Republican Congress and President sewed the seeds of the financial meltdown. Democrats ignore worthwhile gains Republicans make in everything from social policy to international relations. They ignore the amount of funding Republican administrations have sent to help AIDS victims in Africa while focusing on any comment or policy by a Republican that might be a bit offensive of dim-witted. Both of these parties are similar in the way that they react negatively to the other party. It is true that these two parties do differ in their basic ideology. The Republicans claim that they want to reduce the role of government in the lives of American citizens. They claim that the government is too big and that we need to cut expenditure. They believe in low taxes and self-reliance. The Democrats say that they believe the government can make a positive difference for people, especially the poor. They believe in funding social programs that help people get good educations and good jobs.     

Vincent van Gogh Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Vincent van Gogh - Essay Example Vincent van Gogh lived in the period 1853-1890 and died after shooting himself in the chest at the young age of 37. In spite of the fact that he was a late starter (as aforementioned, he commenced his career as an artist at the age of 27), he was highly prolific and produced more than 2000 paintings in the last 10 years of his life. The style of Vincent van Gogh is very unique but it can be best described as post-impressionist [3]. This style was initiated as an extension of impressionism but, at the same time, a rebellion against its limitations. The use of vibrant colors, thick brushstrokes and real-life subjects were features shared with impressionism. Conversely, the emphasis of geometric forms, the distortion of reality to create an emotional effect and the unnatural use of color were novel and innovative features that allowed the subsequent development of this style into expressionism, of which van Gogh was a pioneer [4, 5]. "Looking at the stars always makes me dream . Why, I ask myself, shouldn't the shining dots of the sky be as accessible as the black dots on the map of France ...., we take death to reach a star" [5]. It was perhaps this kind of thought that urged van Gogh to paint "the Starry Night" (Saint Rmy, June 1889), one of his most iconic paintings. It is oil on canvas and it is currently housed (since 1941 it is part of the permanent collection) in the Museum of Modern Art of New York (New York, USA) [5]. The tree in the painting is a cypress, a species generally associated with cemeteries and mourning. It is in the shape of a flame and helps connect heaven, represented by a lively, striking and vibrant sky, with earth, represented by the little village at the bottom of the painting. At the same time, the village identifies order, while the stars in the sky are a explosion of colour and energy. Although some critics maintain that the village depicted in the painting is not real, others believe it represents views of Saint Rmy (Provence, France) from the neighbourhood of the asylum Van Gogh was confined to at the time the painting was made. This period is often referred to as "the Saint Rmy period". It is characterised by the use of thick, sweeping brushstrokes to create a sea of swirls and spirals, which revealed the mental turmoil he was suffering. The mental hospital was housed in a former monastery a mile and a half out of town, in a area of cornfields, olive trees and vineyards. His time at the hospital gave him the opportunity to reflect about his childhood and the values and beliefs from this time of his life. The church spire is an addition that is believed to be a reference to his childhood and his native land, the Netherlands [6]. The painting favours feeling, emotion and energy and puts aside the impressionist doctrine of truth to nature. However, Van Gogh was never very happy with the painting as he considered it a study, not a finished piece. As he

Financial analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Financial analysis - Assignment Example Despite the fact that there are more phones than humans worldwide the global penetration of cellular technology is 79% of the population. The market for cellular phones is attractive, particularly the sales of smartphones such as the iPhone 6. In 2012 the worldwide sales of smartphones reached 967.8 million units (Plunkettresearch, 2014). In the United States the market penetration is 104.3% with 68.8% of users using smartphones. Smartphones are revenue makers for companies such as AT&T that sell cellular talk, text and internet data services for cellular devices. Cellular devices are the biggest seller of any kind of consumer electronic with approximately 1.8 billion units sold each year. 53.76% of all cellular phones sold each year are smartphones. New phones today offers a vast array of advanced features that make smartphones the new computing device of the 21st century. U.S. wireless service company revenues in 2013 reached $189.2 billion. The average user of a cellular phone spends $48.79 on their monthly bill. The ability to sell internet data services has greatly increased the capacity of cellular phone providers to increase their revenues. A major merger that occurred in the industry in 2013 was Japan Softbank merged with Sprint Nextel. The cash flow of Sprint increased by $5 billion after completion of this deal. Cellular phones have become a mature product in the United States as market penetration exceeds 100%. Focusing on selling smartphones with better features and specifications has become the mostly utilized strategy in the industry to achieve growth. Cellular phone providers benefit from the innovation of companies such as Motorola, Apple, and Samsung. New smartphones are going to become more powerful due to the consumer desire to have a computer at the reach of their hands. A growing trend among cellular phone users is to utilize phones to pay for goods or services. 3G and 4G networks are the current standard of the industry, but beware

Corporate finance and Financial Accounting Essay

Corporate finance and Financial Accounting - Essay Example However, it is the responsibility of the organization to formulate and implement appropriate strategies to deal with risks. For this case, the management of XYZ opted for acquisition of the company. XYZ sold itself to ABC International in exchange for $8.2 billion. After the acquisition, XYZ estimated that the worth of its shares would be placed at $100 per share. After the acquisition, ABC would take the sole responsibility of selling the XYZ’s stock exchange ventures situated in different countries that include Netherlands, Belgium and Portugal. ABC International’s operations ABC International is a leading global operator that deals with exchanges and the market for various forms of contracts ranging from agriculture to equity index. The corporation is based in the United Kingdom with its operations in Russell, Europe and some parts of the United States. The company operated under ABC Int’l as the trade mark and name. The company is managed by a board of direct ors, who set high standards that help in day-to-day management of the company. However, there exist guidelines and regulations of the organization that must be followed from time to time, subject to modification by the board of directors. This ensures a fulfillment of the best interests of the organization in line with the rules and regulations of the company. ... The company’s financial analysis is as presented below: Valuation ratio P/E Current 20.27 P/E Ratio (with extraordinary items) 20.27 P/E Ratio (without extraordinary items) 16.46 Price to Sales Ratio 6.61 Price to Book Ratio 2.46 Price to Cash Flow Ratio 12.39 Enterprise Value to EBITDA 11.19 Enterprise Value to Sales 8.02 Total Debt to Enterprise Value 0.13 Efficiency Revenue/Employee 1.27 Income per Employee 0.51 Receivables Turnover 10.34 Total Asset Turnover 0.04 For the liquidity ratio, the current and the quick ratio both stand at 1.04 while the cash ration remains at 0.05 Profitability ratio Gross Margin 70.00 Operating Margin 60.00 Pretax Margin 57.50 Net Margin 40.00 Return on Assets 1.20 Return on Equity 16.30 Return on Total Capital 12.50 Return on Invested Capital 12.88 Capital Structure Total Debt to Total Equity 30.00 Total Debt to Total Capital 20.50 Total Debt to Total Assets 3.00 Long-Term Debt to Equity 26.50 Long-Term Debt to Total Capital 20.00 Rationale fo r the acquisition The acquisition would ensure improvement in the ranking of the XYZ Corporation in the stocks exchange market. This is because of the strengthening of products and leadership (Ehrhardt & Brigham, 2011). After the completion of the acquisition, the new company will focus on the improvement of financial services, leading to high growth potential. Diversification of risks will attract more investors to invest in the company, hence growth and expansion of the company (Nofsinger, Kim & Mohr, 2010). In addition, existing investors will be certain of their investments, whereas the same venture will aim at increasing shareholder’s wealth through improved profitability. Acquisition

The Message Behind a Certain Short Story Essay Example for Free

The Message Behind a Certain Short Story Essay Are you at peace with yourself and the wrong-doings in your life? In the story Crimson Shadow, by Walter Mosley, a hardened ex-inmate, Socrates, takes in a young boy, Darryl, running from his terrible actions and tries to teach him a lesson. The author uses this scenario to in-turn teach the reader that you have to admit when you are wrong and to right those wrongs. Admitting to your wrong doings is the first step to making them right. If you learn you wrong then maybe you get to be a man [sic] (Walter Mosley 22). Socrates says this to Darryl when he is trying to get him to see that he was wrong for having killed a boy. If you dont realize youre wrong then you cant even begin to make it right. Part of being a real man/woman, in my eyes, is trying your hardest to right the wrongs in your life. If you are able to see when youre wrong and are able to admit to it, then you can start to learn from it. An if thats the truth, an if you could say it, then maybe youll learn sumpin [sic] (Mosley 22). This is what Socrates said to Darryl after he admitted to killing a boy and Darryl was trying to get him to admit that he was wrong. Once you are able to admit to your mistakes and learn from them and not continue to make the same mistakes, only then can you move on and give yourself a sort of peace of mind. Maybe youll laugh in the morning sometimes again [sic] (Mosley 22). Socrates uses this statement to get him to see that he can move on with his life somewhat if he can truly see that hes wrong and is able to admit to it. All in all, Walter Mosley did a great job with his characters and bringing this message out in his story. Socrates teaching this boy to admit and learn that he was wrong and maybe being able to get some peace from it, is a great lesson for all to learn whether you are a murderer or just an ordinary person having made some bad choices. So, the next time you do wrong make sure to make it right, if not for anything else, for yourself. Works Cited Mosley, Walter Crimson Shadow. Print

Words and actions Essay Example for Free

Words and actions Essay Hal and Hotspur have what is probably the strongest rivalry in this play. The word attractive can have many meanings but I will interpret it as being the person who comes across as being the one who really appeals to the audience through their strong and weak points. In real life Hal and Hotspur were not even of the same generation, let alone the same age. Shakespeare has changed the age of Hotspur to make him the same age as Hal. This allows him to compare the two characters and to build up a strong rivalry between them. Shakespeare also uses Hotspur to make Hals character appear more attractive and to show that he is actually very suited to the throne. Prince Hal is a character who, at the start of the play, appears to be riotous and disobedient. However, Hal does possess many appealing qualities and as the play goes on, we start to see that the time Hal spends in the tavern is part of his learning experience and he is learning to be able to function at any level to help him become an effective and successful king. We learn this from Hals soliloquy when he says, He may be more wondered at, by breaking through the foul and ugly mists (by which he means the world of the tavern and in particular, Falstaff). By this Hal means that when he decides to throw off Falstaff and Poins and become a righteous Prince, it will be a shock to people and he will look like a much better person. Another strong quality that Hals soliloquy shows us he has is that he has a plan to his life and he knows what he is going to do and when he is going to do it. This is shown by Hals statement of how he is going to be Redeeming time when men think least I will and also by the level of planning that has gone into his soliloquy. It is obvious that he hasnt just thought it up on the spot but that he has thought it all through previously. Hal appears in both the tavern and the court but it is when he is in the world of the tavern that he really emerges as a humorous character and he uses his intelligence to mock Falstaff through puns like, come, roundly, roundly amongst others. This humor makes Hal an attractive character because audiences like comics and humor and will always like a humorous character even if one of his jokes seems to be cruel and pointless (shown when Hal mocks Francis who has done him no wrong). Prince Hal also has unattractive qualities which make him less of an attractive character. In one instance he uses his royalty and status to ridicule a simple person in what appears to be a pointless and un-humorous joke. He carries the joke out on a bartender, Francis, who doesnt have any way of mocking him back, which puts Hals sense of humor in question. This is shown when Poins says, What cunning match have you made with this jest of the drawer? Another of Hals weaknesses is the fact that he actually leads such a criminal lifestyle. He steals from people and even the fact that he is planning to reform cannot hide this fact. He give his family a bad name through being involved in the criminal underworld and neglecting his princely duties. When he says Where shall we take a purse tomorrow, Jack? he shows that he isnt just being led into crime by Falstaff but he is actually wanting to be involved. Some qualities which Hal has are seen as unattractive but are actually necessary for him to become a successful king. One example of this is Hals hard headedness when it comes to politics. Hal appears to be using Falstaff for his own gain and even though he seems to enjoy having a laugh with him, when it comes to throwing him off he doesnt show any remorse. It is possible that Hal didnt like Falstaff in the first place but this seems to be unlikely due to the amount of time he spends joking with him. The way in which Hal discards Falstaff doesnt reflect well on his personality but it is necessary if he is to become successful in his kingship. Hotspur also has attractive and unattractive qualities. The first we hear of him in the play is when he is being praised by the king. The king even goes so far as to say That some night-tripping fairy had exchanged in cradle clothes our children meaning that he wishes that he could prove that a fairy had exchanged his son with Hotspur when they were babies. This makes us think that if the king wishes Hotspur was his son then he must be a much better person than Hal and thus be the obvious choice for the most attractive character. The king says that Hotspur is The theme of honours tongue which is obviously a very high title to be given and Hotspur probably does deserve this mention for his skill as a warrior. Hotspur is a very brave character whose main aim in life is to gain honour for himself and Without corrival or without having to share it with others. A suitable example of Hotspurs search for honour is when he says O the blood more stirs, to rouse a lion than to start a hare! meaning that you will look a lot braver if you attack a lion than you will if you attack a hare. When Hotspur mentions the lion here he could be referring to the king as at another point in the play Falstaff compares the king to being a lion. Although wanting to gain honour is a clever and acceptable thing the lengths that Hotspur is willing to go to to gain honour is too extreme. When he finds out that his fathers army wont be present at the battle his reaction is very rash. He says that with the scales tipped against them winning the battle would be a larger dare to our great enterprise meaning that their smaller army will gain more honour if they defeat the kings army. It is with this attitude that Hotspur goes into battle and eventually gets defeated and killed. Hotspur gets his nickname from his hot headedness and from not being able to control his temper which is obviously an unattractive quality. We see this quite early on in the play when Hotspur loses his temper in front of the king and shouts Revolted Mortimer! when the king is accusing Mortimer of joining forces with Glendower and he refuses to pay the ransom for Mortimer. This hot headedness makes Hotspur look less attractive as he cannot properly control his temper but at the same time standing up to the king could be seen as an attractive point. As well as being hot headed, Hotspur is also forgetful. When the rebels hold an important meeting Hotspur is given the job of bringing the map be he manages to forget this simple task as the line A plague upon it! I have forgot the map! shows. As Hotspur is supposed to have a claim to being future king even a small problem like this could prove fatal should he become king and forget something important. When these two very important characters are being compared together we can get a clearer idea as to who stands out as being the most attractive character. Hotspurs greatest attribute is his skill in battle and he often shows off how good a warrior he is but when they actually meet in battle Hal comes out on top and he kills Hotspur. At the start of the play Henry IV says that he wishes Hotspur was prince instead of Hal but as the play does on we start to see Hotspurs less attractive qualities come to light as we see Hals attractive qualities. Then, by the end of the play we discover that actually Hal will be a better prince than Hotspur could be. Although, at the start of the play it is Hotspur who comes across as being the most attractive character, a combination of strong and weak qualities which both Hal and Hotspur possess make us change our minds as the play goes on and at the end of the play it is Hal who stands out as being the most attractive character.

Implications Of The Policy Ineffectiveness Proposition Economics Essay

Implications Of The Policy Ineffectiveness Proposition Economics Essay The Phillips Curve states that inflation depends on expected inflation, cyclical unemployment and supply shocks. It is given by the following equation: The inflation expectations can be either adaptive or rational. Early New Classical Economics was largely based the assumption of adaptive expectations, which assumes that people form their expectations of future inflation based on recently observed inflation. This assumption implies that in absence of cyclical unemployment or supply shocks, inflation will continue indefinitely at its current rate. It also implies that past inflation influences the current wages and prices that people set. If we suppose that the stock of money in the economy increases, the adjustment towards the long run equilibrium takes time. In each period that agents find their expectations of inflation to be wrong a certain proportion of their forecasting error would be incorporated into expectations. This means that the long run equilibrium in the economy would only be reached asymptotically. The government would then be able to maintain employment above its natural level. Rational Expectations: However, many economists disagree with the assumption of adaptive expectations. New Classical Theory replaced the assumption of adaptive expectations with that of rational expectations. Under this assumption, anticipated monetary policy would have no effect on economic activity. However, stochastic shocks to the economy could have short run effects on economic activity. This theory known as the Policy Ineffectiveness Proposition was proposed in 1976 by Thomas J. Sargent and Neil Wallace. According to the proposition monetary authorities cannot affect the output if the changes are anticipated. Under this proposition, the only way monetary authorities can affect the real economy is by making monetary policy less predictable. However, this would increase the variability of output around its natural rate and is hence not a desirable policy aim. Policy Ineffectiveness Proposition and the Sacrifice Ratio: An important implication of the Policy Ineffectiveness Proposition is that the monetary authorities can reduce inflation without any output or employment cost. If policymakers announce a reduction in money growth, rational agents will lower their inflation expectations proportionately. This is known as the Costless Disinflation Proposition. This in turn implies that the sacrifice ratio, which is basically the loss in output for a reduction in inflation by one percentage point, should be equal to zero. Empirical Evidence: Estimates of the cost of disinflation vary widely. These estimates measured in terms of the sacrifice ratio have extreme values. While some economists argue that a sound monetary policy can reduce inflation without any costs, others estimate that sometimes the sacrifice ratio may have very high values. Sargent (1982) examined the measures that brought extreme inflation under control in several European countries in the 1920s including Austria, Hungary, Germany, and Poland. According to him, in each case the inflation stopped abruptly rather than gradually. He studied these countries because of the dramatic change in their fiscal policy regime, which in each instance was associated with the end of a hyperinflation. He also noted the rapid rise in the high-powered money supply in the months and years after the rapid inflation had ended. For Austria he suggested that currency stabilization was achieved very suddenly, and with a cost in increased unemployment and foregone output that was comparatively minor. From the data for Hungary, he inferred that immediately after the stabilization, unemployment was not any higher than it was one or two years later. He posited that this could be because the stabilization process had little adverse effect on unemployment. For Poland, he noted that the stabilization of the price level in January 1924 was accompanied by an abrupt rise in the number of unemployed. Another rise occurred in July of 1924. He argued that while the figures indicated substantial unemployment in late 1924, unemployment was not an order of magnitude worse than before the stabilization. The Polish zloty depreciated internationally from late 1925 onward but stabilized in autumn of 1926 at around 72% of its level of January 1924. At the same time, the domestic price level stabilized at about 50% above its level of January 1924. The threatened renewal of inflation has been attributed to the governments premature relaxation of exchange controls and the tendency of the central bank to make private loans at insufficient interest rates. The stabilization of the German mark was accompanied by increases in output and employment and decreases in unemployment. While 1924 was not a good year for German business, it was much better than 1923. From the figures, he couldnt find much convincing evidence of a favourable trade-off between inflation and output, since the year of spectacular inflation, 1923 was a very bad year for employment and physical production. According to the data, there was an evident absence of a trade-off between inflation and real output. However he suggested that the inflation and the associated reduction in real rates of return to high powered money and other government debt were accompanied by real over-investment in many kinds of capital goods. He concluded his findings by stating that the essential measures that ended hyperinflation in each of Germany, Austria, Hungary, and Poland were, first, the creation of an independent central bank that was legally committed to refuse the governments demand for additional unsecured credit and, second, a simultaneous alteration in the fiscal policy regime. These measures had the effect of binding the government to place its debt with private parties and foreign governments which would value that debt according to whether it was backed by sufficiently large prospective taxes relative to public expenditures. In each case that he studied, once it became widely understood that the government would not rely on the central bank for its finances, the inflation terminated and the exchanges stabilized. He further saw that it was not simply the increasing quantity of central bank notes that caused the hyperinflation, since in each case the note circulation continued to grow rapidly after the exc hange rate and price level had been stabilized. According his findings for the four countries, one may conclude that his studies supported the costless disinflation proposition. However there have been other studies that do not support this proposition. In his paper What determines the sacrifice ratio?, Laurence Ball investigated à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ã‚  Considers several OECD countries. à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ã‚  Finds that the cost of ending moderate inflations can be high. Sacrifice ratio = cumulative output lost due to the permanent reduction in the inflation rate associated with the disinflationary policy. à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ã‚  Average sacrifice ratio = 0.77%: each p.p. reduction in inflation is associated with a 0.77 p.p. loss of output. à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ã‚  Sacrifice ratio larger when disinflation slower, and in countries with greater nominal wage rigidity. à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ã‚  Does not support costless disinflation proposition The New Keynesian Stanley Fischer (1977) applied the insights of Franco Modigliani to the model employed by Sargent and Wallace. Fischer therefore introduced the assumption that workers sign nominal wage contracts that last for more than one period, wages are sticky. The outcome is that government policy can be fully effective since although workers rationally expect the outcome of a change in policy, they are unable to respond to it as they are locked into expectations formed when they signed their wage contract. It is not only possible for government policy to be used effectively but its use is also desirable. The government is able respond to random shocks to the economy to which agents are unable to react, and so stabilise output and employment. Since it was possible to incorporate the rational expectations hypothesis into macroeconomic models whilst avoiding the stark conclusions that Sargent and Wallace reached, the policy ineffectiveness proposition has had less of a lasting impact on macroeconomic reality than first may have been expected. This applies much more generally. Any consistent set of government policies will be learned and anticipated by a population with Rational Expectations. Since they are anticipated, they will not come as a surprise. Instead, people will shift their short-run aggregate supply curves in such a way that production will be back at the NAIRGDP and unemployment at the NAIRU. If the policies are designed to move the economy away from the NAIRGDP, then they will be ineffective regardless what mix of fiscal and monetary policies they are. This leads to the general Policy Ineffectiveness Proposition. Policy Ineffectiveness Proposition Any consistent government policies designed to influence the economy to a level of production other than the NAIRGDP will be ineffective if the population have rational expectations The essential measures that ended hyperinflation in each of Germany, Austria, Hungary, and Poland were, first, the creation of an independent central bank that was legally committed to refuse the governments demand for additional unsecured credit and, second, a simultaneous alteration in the fiscal policy regime.37 These measures were interrelated and coordinated. They had the effect of binding the government to place its debt with private parties and foreign governments which would value that debt according to whether it was backed by sufficiently large prospective taxes relative to public expenditures. In each case that we have studied, once it became widely understood that the government would not rely on the central bank for its finances, the inflation terminated and the exchanges stabilized. We have further seen that it was not simply the increasing quantity of central bank notes that caused the hyperinflation, since in each case the note circulation continued to grow rapidly after the exchange rate and price level had been stabilized. Rather, it was the growth of fiat currency which was unbacked, or backed only by government bills, which there never was a prospect to retire through taxation. The changes that ended the hyperinflations were not isolated restrictive actions within a given set of rules of the game or general policy. Earlier attempts to stabilize the exchanges in Hungary under Hegedus,38 and also in Germany, failed precisely because they did not change the rules of the game under which fiscal policy had to be conducted.39 In discussing this subject with various people, I have encountered the view that the events described here are so extreme and bizarre that they do not bear on the subject of inflation in the contemporary United States. On the contrary, it is precisely because the events were so extreme that they are relevant. The four incidents we have studied are akin to laboratory experiments in which the elemental forces that cause and can be used to stop inflation are easiest to spot. I believe that these incidents are full of lessons about our own, less drastic predicament with inflation, if only we interpret them correctly. Costless immediate disinflation is not possible in an economy with long- term labor contracts. This paper sets out a simple contracting model of wage and output determination and uses it to calculate sacrifice ratios for a disinflation program, under the assumption that announced policy changes are immediately believed. Under this assumption disinflation with a structure of labor contracts like those of the United States would be less costly than typically estimated. The model is then modified to allow for the slow adjustment of expectations of policy to actual policy; sacrifice ratios then approach the ranges typically estimated. The sacrifice ratio for the current disinflation is calculated in the last section: the current disinflation was somewhat more rapid and less costly than previous estimates suggested. The calculated sacrifice ratio is consistent with the predictions of the simple contracting model. Inflationary expectations and aggregate demand pressure are two important variables that influence inflation. It is recognized that reducing inflation through contractionary demand policies can involve significant reductions in output and employment relative to potential output. The empirical macroeconomics literature is replete with estimates of the socalled sacrifice ratio, the percentage cumulative loss of output due to a 1 percent reduction in inflation. It is well known that inflationary expectations play a significant role in any disinflation program. If inflationary expectations are adaptive (backward-looking), wage contracts would be set accordingly. If inflation drops unexpectedly, real wages rise increasing employment costs for employers. Employers would then cut back employment and production disrupting economic activity. If expectations are formed rationally (forward2 looking), any momentum in inflation must be due to the underlying macroeconomic policies. Sargent (1982) contends that the seeming inflationoutput trade-off disappears when one adopts the rational expectations framework. The staggered wage-setting literature provides evidence that even if expectations are formed rationally, wage and price determination will have backward-looking and forward looking elements. The backwardlooking element reflects last years contracts on this years prices whereas the forward-looking element reflects next years contracts on this years prices. Taylor (1998) presents a detailed account of the staggered wage and price setting literature, and the exercise will not be pursued here. Calvo (1983) shows that in a world of stochastic contract length, the costless disinflation result extends to a world of staggered wage contracts with forward-looking expectations. Stopping inflation is then a matter of a resolute commitment on part of the government to a credible disinflation program. In this literature, the costless disinflation result extends to a world of staggered wage contracts with forward-looking expectations. Stopping inflation is then a matter of a resolute commitment on the part of the government to a credible disinflation program. It is likely that in an economy there are both forward- and backwardlooking elements in inflationary expectations. Chadha, Masson, and Meredith (1992) (henceforth CMM), provide a unified framework to test for expectations formation in a single specification. CMM use a Phillips curve framework to consider two benchmark cases: a Phelps-Friedman adaptive expectations model which places a weight of unity on past inflation (complete inflation stickiness) and a rational staggered contracts model based on Calvo (1983) that places a weight of unity on expected inflation (inflation is independent of past inflation). These two extremes are nested in one specification where current inflation is a weighted average of past and expected future inflation.

1910-1920 :: Essays Papers

1910-1920 Between the years of 1910 and 1920, the Silver Era, the United States experienced many firsts. For the first time in history, women were becoming more politically powerful. In 1916, Jeanette Rankin held a seat in the U.S. Congress, making her the first woman ever to do so (Sheet Music...). Four years later in 1920, the nineteenth amendment was passed, giving women the right to vote in political elections. The eighteenth amendment was passed as well, beginning the short-lived prohibition of alcohol. In 1917, the United States became involved in the First World War by declaring war on Germany, three years after its commencement in 1914 by. Also in this decade, the first Trans-Atlantic ocean liner, the Titanic, sunk in 1912, causing over 1, 500 people to die. The United States was also in the process of industrialization. Industries were built and electricity was the new form of power. Electric lights became available and the first movies were made. "By 1916, 21,000 movie houses were testimony of a new industry" (Hacker and Zahler 99). Automobiles became prevalent and that caused the need for roads to be built: "The early growth of the automobile industry wakened a new and much stronger demand for surfaced roads" (Hacker and Zahler 101). Henry Ford was a major contributor in propelling the automobile industry. He improved the assembly line and mass production of parts. "By 1914, the automobile industry had developed such characteristic features as standardization of parts, minute subdivision and mechanization of labor, and even the assembly line in manufacturing" (Hacker and Zahler 100). The United States experienced great social and industrial change on a national scale as well as international scale. One of the primary major world events that took place in this decade was World War I. This began in 1914 when Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary was assassinated. The U.S. didn’t get involved with this war, however, until 1917 and stayed involved until it’s ending in 1918. Increasing technology contributed heavily to the fatalities of this war with the inventions of deadly explosives, steel tanks, and poisonous gas (SF Timeline). This double front war for Germany was finally held at a standstill in November of 1918. A peace treaty was signed on June 28, 1919 at Versailles, France, ending the devastating four- year war in Europe. Another important world event that heavily affected the future of the world was The Bolshevik Revolution.

Willy Lomans Depression in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman :: Death Salesman essays

Willy Loman's Depression in Death of a Salesman    Arthur Miller's, "Death of a Salesman," shows the development and structure that leads up to the suicide of a tragic hero, Willy Loman. The author describes how an American dreamer can lose his self-worth by many negative situations that occur throughout his life. The structure and complications are essential because it describes how a man can lose his way when depression takes over. The first comlication which occurs in Act I, is when the reader acknowledges that Willy put his whole life into his sons, Biff and Happy, and they turned their backs on him. Willy always believed that biff would be this great, successful businessman and it turned out that Biff is still searching to find himself, which disappoints Willy in the worst way. The conflicts between Willy and Biff are rooted very deep. It all started when Biff was younger and he had failed his math class. He traveled to Boston to visit Willy, who was on a business trip. He had told that he had let Willy down and comes to find out that Willy is with another woman. Biff leaves and never takes that math class over. Willy felt guilty about this and believes that deep inside that he is responsible for Biff's choices in life and his failure to be successful. This conflict makes Willy weak and tremendously guilty, which stays with him as a reminder. The second complication that destroys Willy is his aging. By getting older he can't do the things he used to do. His aging affects his work because he is not the salesman he once was. He is not making enough money to support his wife, Linda, and himself. Being 60, Willy is getting too old for the traveling he does for his work. Willy asks his boss, Howard, for a raise and Howard fires him. Willy is really worn out and Howard knows this. This situation in end destroys Willy's pride and he could never ask his sons for money. The last complication at the end of Act II, is the conflict between Willy and Biff. Biff finally wants to get everything straight and clear with his father. Biff shows Willy the rubber tube that Willy wants to kill himself with. An arguement errupts from this and Biff tries to explain that he was never what Willy wanted him to be. Willy Loman's Depression in Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman :: Death Salesman essays Willy Loman's Depression in Death of a Salesman    Arthur Miller's, "Death of a Salesman," shows the development and structure that leads up to the suicide of a tragic hero, Willy Loman. The author describes how an American dreamer can lose his self-worth by many negative situations that occur throughout his life. The structure and complications are essential because it describes how a man can lose his way when depression takes over. The first comlication which occurs in Act I, is when the reader acknowledges that Willy put his whole life into his sons, Biff and Happy, and they turned their backs on him. Willy always believed that biff would be this great, successful businessman and it turned out that Biff is still searching to find himself, which disappoints Willy in the worst way. The conflicts between Willy and Biff are rooted very deep. It all started when Biff was younger and he had failed his math class. He traveled to Boston to visit Willy, who was on a business trip. He had told that he had let Willy down and comes to find out that Willy is with another woman. Biff leaves and never takes that math class over. Willy felt guilty about this and believes that deep inside that he is responsible for Biff's choices in life and his failure to be successful. This conflict makes Willy weak and tremendously guilty, which stays with him as a reminder. The second complication that destroys Willy is his aging. By getting older he can't do the things he used to do. His aging affects his work because he is not the salesman he once was. He is not making enough money to support his wife, Linda, and himself. Being 60, Willy is getting too old for the traveling he does for his work. Willy asks his boss, Howard, for a raise and Howard fires him. Willy is really worn out and Howard knows this. This situation in end destroys Willy's pride and he could never ask his sons for money. The last complication at the end of Act II, is the conflict between Willy and Biff. Biff finally wants to get everything straight and clear with his father. Biff shows Willy the rubber tube that Willy wants to kill himself with. An arguement errupts from this and Biff tries to explain that he was never what Willy wanted him to be.

Love Stories

What is the one emotion that has started as many wars as it has ended? What emotion has had more plays, songs, and stories written about it than anything else? Love is that one emotion that makes enemies into friends and friends into enemies. There are so many legends surround this emotion, from the goddess Athena and Helen of Troy to Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. The purpose of this paper is to perceive the great feeling of love though the legends and myths. To trace some minute although very meaningful for lovers patterns of love. Unfortunately, many of love myths end tragically, with the exception of a few which have happy endings. For example, the stories of Pyramus and Thisbe, and Orpheus and Eurydice both have unfortunate endings. On the other hand, the story of Eros and Psyche can have either a tragic or a happy ending, depending on the version that is told. Upon closer consideration of the legend about Pyramus and Thisbe we learn that their love was strictly forbidden, however, this two loving hearts were inseparable. They used to talk secretly to each other through a narrow crack in a common wall that their houses shared. They would meet in different strange places just to be together for a while. For example they would meet near a tomb on the outskirts of the city near a mulberry tree or in an open field just to converse freely. Analyzing this legend we may draw a parallel with Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, for the ending is a similar one. They both die occasionally without considering and analysing a critical situation. â€Å"The deep red fruit of the mulberry is the everlasting memorial of these true lovers and one urn holds the ashes of the two whom not even death could part† (Hamilton, Edith, 138). Within this story love takes shape of a passionate but blind and very raw feeling. Here love is a kind of a heavy disease that two young hearts are not able to understand with their mind, thus it turned to be a fatal one. Another legend I would like to focus my attention on is a story about Pygmalion and Galatea. This story is the most romantic and exciting at the same time. The theme of love is leading throughout the story. This love is very unusual and remarkable, for it was addressed not to human being but to statue, that was much more than a person for its creator, it was the more perfect than any living woman. Love is illuminated through every word of the story. Pygmalion caressed it, and gave it presents such as young girls love; this was an expression of his love. We may suppose that this love is somehow an obsession, for at long Pygmalion’s love made his beloved come to life. â€Å"The maiden felt the kisses, blushed and, lifting her timid eyes up to the light, saw the sky and her lover at the same time† (Hamilton, Edith, 142). Looking for a tender and long-lasting love we may turn to the story about Baucis and Philemon whose love survived through the whole their life and at the end bestowed them happiness of being together till last breath. Realized that their lives were at their dawn they embraced each other and Baucis was turned into a linden tree and Philemon into an oak. Two different but beautiful trees intertwined with one another symbolised their true love. In wonder, people came from afar to admire and hang wreathes on the branches in their honour. Also, we may learn about the impatience a loving heart experience. The bright example thereof we see in the story of Orpheus and Eurydice. Orpheus’s love was so strong that made him overcome obstacles and save Eurydice from underground. In spite of God’s prohibition, Orpheus’ impatience to see beloved woman before they step from underground separate them forever. As a result, we come to a conclusion that a heart that loves randomly is rational. Love is always above any reasonable thoughts and logic. Subsequently, we may proceed endlessly the list of love patterns within different myths and legend. The theme of love was always a central one, thus it did not pass over the works of old Greek talents of mankind, such as Ovid for example. His myths and legends will agitate generations after us. Our successors also will cry for a tragic love or cheer at happy ending. Bibliography: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hamilton, Edith. Mythology. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 1998, 1942.      

Chameleon Essay

â€Å"Love has no culture, boundaries, race and religion. It is pure and beautiful like early morning sunrise falling in lake.† is a quote by Santosh Kalwar, who writes books about truth, love and relationships. What he expresses is that it doesn’t matter what skin color you have, as long it is real love. In the novel â€Å"Chameleon† by Ranbir Sahota we hear about a girl named Rita. Rita has problems balancing between who she wants to be, and who she is expected to be because of her race. She is desperately trying hard to be fully integrated but is finding it difficult because her family is so old fashioned. When it comes to love she doesn’t know if she should make her parents happy or follow her own heart. A first person narrator named Rita, where we have access to only her thoughts, tells the short story. Rita is the main protagonist in the novel and a daughter of an Indian Sikh. Opposite to her family, being integrated means a lot to her, and in her everyday life in England, she is trying to fit in. Her father only moved to England because some of his friends did. Therefore they don’t want to integrate simply because they don’t have the love and passion for the country. She on the other hand has graduated from Sheffield University and went to teach English in Germany. Eating white food, listing to white music and bleaching her own skin is just part of her daily life for trying to be part of the English society. The title is â€Å"Chameleon† and describes Rita and how she can blend in, even though she is dark. According to her, the Indian culture doesn’t allow women to have a voice. Her mother and father has set up an arranged marriage for her, where the men can have expectations for her, but she cant expect anything from them. Rita doesn’t have an interest towards Indian men because she sees them as brothers and boring. Therefore she is dating a white man named Mark behind her parent’s back. Even though it is against the Indian culture values and rules. Marks mom says that she doesn’t want to speak to Mark, if he is dating a girl, who isn’t Catholic. But Rita knows that his mother has a problem with her skin color: â€Å" I was fine as the token dark  friend but it was a different matter when it came to marriage† (page 99, lines 3-4). For Marks mother their relationship is fine on a friendly base but not as a love interest. His mother doesn ’t want to be seen as a racists so she is covering up her real problem by saying it is because she isn’t Catholic. In that way Marks mother is actually just like a chameleon as well as Rita. Because of their families the main problem for the couple becomes the diverse between culture and religion. They can’t be together because their cultural backgrounds’ doesn’t allow them to. Mark and Rita then rents a little house together to get some private space. To them it is their escape from the judging and controlling world into a wonderful world where all people are the same. At some point Rita is meeting with Sunjay, who is set to be her future husband according to her mom. They are laughing together and are having a good chemistry. They are talking together like equals, which you wouldn’t expect because of Rita’s description about the Indian culture where women doesn’t have a voice. They also have the same positive attitude when it comes to love between different races. Sunday’s mother and father think that he has too many white friends. Both Rita and Sunjay have integrated themselves very well and are struggling with their families putting pressure on them. Although she doesn’t wants to let her parents down she does small things to annoy them. She swears a lot and is provocative towards them in her comments some times, which is not ladylike in the Indian culture. Also on page 106 lines 7-14 where we are in her thoughts and she is imagining what would happen if she told her parents about Mark and her. She says that it is comical and it would turn into a bloodbath, which is an absurd thought to have about such an important and serious theme. Over the last six weeks Rita had seen three other men but none of them where like Mark. She then spent the night with Mark at their house. Her mother and father show up unexpectedly and she starts to panic and puts Mark in the closet. â€Å"I surprised myself – I didn’t care too much about his pain. I just heard the knocking getting louder and more urgent† (page 104, line 30-31). What worries Rita the most is upsetting her parents and she knows that they doesn’t like for her to be white. Therefor she quickly hides Mark because it  is her â€Å"white side† and she doesn’t wants to be a disappointment to her parents. She lets them in and they start to tell her about Mrs. Methi’s daughter, who has run away with a white man. But in reality they are using that story instead of telling her directly that they know about her and Mark. At one point her father goes into the kitchen to talk to her because he has always been the one to get the truth out of her. One thing he is telling her is: â€Å"Girls like that are left with fatherless children without an identity† (page 108, lines 7-8). He says this to scare her and tries indirectly to affect her not to stay with Mark. Rita doesn’t get these hints until they leave and says that she would like to introduce them to Mark. The story ends with a cliffhanger but you are still let with a feeling of what is going to happen. She will tell her parents that she is with Mark and that they have to respect that. By the look of what they have been telling Rita in the house they are not going to be taken it lightly. Because they are so traditional she is now a shame to the family. But you can tell that Rita is a strong woman, so she is going to go against her parent’s judgment and stay with Mark.

Bosch Total Quality Management Essay

First of all, we are very grateful to the Almighty God – for bearing us the knowledge and wisdom that has been used throughout the project. May the product of our efforts justify the gift that the Almighty God has bestowed upon them. We are sincerely expressed our gratitude to all Bosch Philippines departments’ managers and employees who shared their knowledge about the company and time interviewing them. Last but definitely not the least; we would like to express our appreciation, to the ones who have rendered unconditional support and love to us: our family. Our family from whom we got the motivation and inspiration to never give up and give the best of our efforts. Through this project, may our efforts reach our parents and reflect our indebtedness for our sacrifices. I. Introduction In a span of time, Bosch has emerged into a successful business to what it is today. It has continuously improved the quality of service. Of course, customers’ complaints are inevitable in every organization. Three (3) complaints out of one hundred products sold to customers are caused by some product defects, its expensive price, customers’ attitudes (arte), order delivery and some rare safety concern of its users. To initiate quality programs to better meet customers’ requirements, Bosch should have its own quality control in the Philippines to avoid some product defects and  user’s accidents due of using Bosch’ products. The company should come up with Customer Relationship Management system to build understanding between them and the customer that expensive price of their product is no issue when it comes to product quality and of customer satisfaction. II. Objectives of the Study a. Study the quality initiatives of Bosch to better meet their customers’ needs and requirements b. Compare Bosch’s quality programs with existing literature c. Identify Areas of strengths and areas for development on Bosch’s quality initiatives; and d. Recommend specific programs to improve total quality management at Bosch III. Quality Assurance at Bosch â€Å"Selling the best of the best† and I rather lose money than trust† were the mottos of person behind the success of Bosch, Robert Bosch. Since its establishment, the company continues to create value to customers and practice Robert Bosch’s principle of total quality, â€Å"success was based on the trust of business partners and product quality. Bosch was created on 1932, located in Germany and in 140 countries in the world and the innovator and pioneer of powertools in the world. Their products includes: Automotive Aftermarket, Powertools, Security Systems and Thermotechnology. Customer and Stakeholder Focus Bosch established their Training Center to value their customers, dealers and contractors through educating them about their products and its proper use to avoid accidents when using their products for free. They even collaborate with educational institutions like TESDA, universities and colleges to be more accessible and convenient to interested trainee. Bosch encourage their customers to bring their purchased products at their Service center every three (3) months for maintenance and check-up processed by a qualified technician which are still covered of a six-month warranty for power tools and one-year warranty for measuring tools. To bring their products into the understanding of people who are unfamiliar with their products, Bosch use trade developer in different regions in the country to look for potential customers that will be endorsed to the sales  representative. Sales representative is responsible of demonstrating the products to customers and monitoring their orders. Bosch also uses sales agents or promodizers to introduce the product in various stores in the country. Bosch offers the appropriate spare part customers need for any power tools. Bosch keeps spare parts available for at least 10 years. This means that even older tools are ready for use again in the record time. Participation and Teamwork Every department sets their goal that motivates their employees to perform better. For example, Sales Department set their target sales every month which requires more efforts on the part of the Sales Department and more marketing strategy of Marketing Department, so it needs teamwork from both departments. Managers act as a democratic leader on his subordinates and treat them as a team which implies importance and belongingness to the employees. IT Department serves a support group to the company as they are the one doing trouble shooting on technical problems on all of the computers of the entire company. Employees use Microsoft Outlook to send and receive emails as their network of connection connected by a cable which does not need internet to communicate with each other and disseminate information throughout the company. The company uses a software called System Application and Production (SAP) which makes it accessible to all Department Managers to monitor and study sales and product stocks at their warehouse which is helpful for their effective and efficient decision making and inventory. This system is also useful to accounting departments to record financial data. The company maintains their do-good mentality. Bosch sends their employees abroad to undergo training to enhance their skills and abilities which will in turn produce a better performance and satisfied customers. They just not believe in doing well, but they believe in doing good. For Bosch, doing good means giving back through projects that inspire and move their associates to action. Those projects includes sponsoring potential eighty eight students and employing some of them at their office. To build camaraderie between employees, the company provides them with annual outing. Process Focus Bosch does benchmarking through product-product quality analysis to analyze their products against their competitors to meet the changing wants and satisfaction of their customers. Bosch has a company policy on product recall or pull-out when customers’ complaints on a certain product or model reaches six percent (6%) out of one hundred percent (100%) sold product to ensure that they are delivering quality products to customers. Those defective products are to be sent to their main plant in Germany for further studies. For efficient delivery and availability of products, Bosch orders products beforehand to its manufacturing plant in Germany through shipping and store them at their warehouse. The company positions itself as a number one (#1) power tool products in the country which requires employees to efficiently process customers order and deliver it on time. The customers may opt to call Bosch to process their order on their service hotline or through Service Representatives, order will be passed to Sales Coordinator who writes and documents order slip and process order and encode them through SAP system which is connected to Logistic department who shall deliver products to customers. To support the demanding needs of the company, Purchase department is responsible of purchasing materials needed by the departments such as fliers for Marketing Department and ensure of its quality and cost-effectiveness. Continuous Improvement The company has its own Research Development that is behind of annual launching of new products. Every month, company’s product division set their sales quota and eventually increases every time they meet or exceed it. This requires more efforts and improvement both the product and the process. IV. Analysis Bosch has its own Training Center that educates customers, contractors, hobbyist, and interested trainee for free. To reach more people, Bosch partnered with Tesda, universities and colleges. Having its own training is one indication that Bosch values their existing and prospect customers. It involves money, effort, and sympathy from the company, but those things are nothing when it comes to customer’s enlightenment to  products and customers’ satisfaction and delight. This program is patterned with the customer and stakeholder focus principle of TQM. Educating people who may not bring benefit to the company is somewhat costly and effortful on the part of the company, but this will eventually build relationship, trust and confidence between the company and the beneficiary of the training program which may eventually results of patronizing the products. The company has its own Service Center that addresses customer’s complaints and concerns. This service is patterned with the TQM customers and stakeholder focus and the Quality Installation and Service which implies that Bosch knows and understands the needs and expectations of customer after the sale in order to have customer’ value and loyalty. Offering service after sales is one indication that Bosch wants to have long term relationship with their customers and exceed their expectations. Empowering employees through undergoing training programs boost their sense of belongingness and importance and will make them more motivated and inspired to perform better. This program is aligned with the principle of Participation and Teamwork of TQM. The company has its own System Application and Production (SAP), a software or database uses by the selected employees and managers to monitor stocks, sales, deliver products and accounting data. This system is aligned with Process Focus principle and Information and Knowledge Management of TQM infrastructure. Use of this kind of technology is an investment of the company because it makes process more effectively and efficiently. More so, decision making is easier to the information user because information they needed is always accessible and can be retrieved quickly. V. Bosch’s Quality Profile Areas of Strengths Bosch has known to be the innovator of power tools in the world. Every year, they launch new tools, offering better and new products and it serves as their advantage over their competitors. Its German quality can persuade customers to purchase their product. This year, DOLE announced that construction industry will boost, and it needs equipment to be used by contractor such as power tools, and security system. Bosch has its own SAP system. It is software enables selected employees and divisions’ manager to have an access of information like sales, inventory and delivery. Areas for Development Bosch does not have its own Customer Relationship Management. They just rely on their hotline from which customers could call to order products, ask, suggest and complain. There is no particular department that handles complaints from the customers. Bosch also relies on sales representative or agents report about customer satisfaction. There is no system or process of getting or acquiring customer’s feedback after sale. Numbers of people in departments such as Human Resource, IT and Purchasing are not enough to cater the increasing needs and demands of all stakeholders. VI. Recommended Quality Programs at Bosch Bosch should have its own Customer Relationship Management. This system will make easier to them to monitor and get in touch with their customers at all times. With this system, Bosch could address customer’s complaints, concerns and suggestions and not involving all departments to receive such from customers. With this system, the company can build long term relationship with customers and winning their loyalty over competitors. Acquiring customers’ feedback is an important practice of any company. Filling-up feedback and suggestions is tool to gauge and measure customers’ satisfaction to products supplementary services needed to enhance the product. It is better if Bosch Philippines have their own Quality Control in the country to check products after shipping them from Germany. It is inevitable to products to get damage during shipment. The company may increase their employees in such departments especially the HR department who is handling the employeesâ€⠄¢ welfare and concerns.

Antibiotic Sensitivity Lab

Antibiotic Sensitivity lab A. Define the term selectively toxic. Why is it an important feature of antimicrobial agents? Selective toxicity is the ability of a chemical or drug to kill a microorganism without harming its host. Selective toxicity is important to microbial agents because it enables these agents to inhibit or kill a microorganism by interacting with microbial functions or structures different from those of the host thereby showing little or no effect to the host. B. What are broad and narrow spectrum antimicrobials? What are the pros and cons of each?Broad spectrum antimicrobials are drugs that are effective against a wide variety of both gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Narrow spectrum antimicrobials are effective only against gram negative bacteria. Pros and cons of each: Narrow spectrum microbial is normally better to use because they cause less damage to the body's normal flora. They are less likely to cause drugs resistant strains of microorganisms because they are specific in nature and are less likely to cause super infection by opportunistic microorganisms like yeast infections.The main disadvantages are that Narrow spectrum microbial sometimes is more prone to allergic reaction to the host. Broad spectrum antimicrobials on the other hand also have their own advantages in that they are able to deal with more than one kind of bacteria and as such one does not have to use drugs indiscriminately reducing chances of allergic reactions and drug toxicity. The main disadvantage is that they cause more harm to the body's normal flora. C. What is direct selection? Direct selection is the selection of antibiotic-resistant normal floras in an individual whenever this individual is given an antibiotic.This process is normally accelerated significantly by either improper use or the overuse of antibiotics. D. What is the difference between an antibiotic and an antimicrobial chemical? Antibiotics are substances that are produced as metabolic pro ducts of one Microorganism which are able to inhibit or kill other microorganisms. Antimicrobial chemicals are chemicals that are synthesized in a laboratory and can be used therapeutically on microorganisms. E. What is the mode of action for each of the following: a. acitracin: works by inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis in actively dividing bacteria which normally results in osmotic lysis. b. nystatin: exerts its antifungal activity by binding to ergosterol found in fungal cell membranes. Binding to ergosterol causes the formation of pores in the membrane. Potassium and other cellular constituents leak from the pores causing cell death. c. tetracycline: exert their bacteriostatic effect by inhibiting protein synthesis in bacteria. This antibiotic prevents transfer-RNA (tRNA) molecules from binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. . ciprofloxin: Contains agents that inhibit one or more enzymes in the DNA synthesis pathway F. Describe three mechanisms by which microbes mig ht become resistant to the action of an antimicrobial drug? Microbes may become resistant by producing enzymes that will detoxify or inactivate the antibiotic such as penicillinase and other beta-lactamases. Microbes may also alter the target site in the bacterium to reduce or block binding of the antibiotic in the process producing a slightly altered ribosomal subunit that still functions but to which the drug can't bind.Microbes may also prevent the transport of the antimicrobial agent into the bacterium thereby producing an altered cytoplasmic membrane or outer membrane. G. Why do you think neglecting to finish a prescribed course of antibiotics might contribute to the rise of antibiotic resistance? If you don't finish the medication, all the bacteria causing the infection may not be killed. Then, the infection could come back in that same place or even show up somewhere else. When the bacteria are undertreated, some of them may have enough time to have these mistakes occur in th eir DNA.Then, when they multiply, you get a bunch of bacteria that no longer respond to the antibiotics. H. What is a tube dilution test? How is it used to determine susceptibility? Tube dilution test is one of the tests that can be used to tell which antimicrobial agent is most likely to combat a specific pathogen. This test is conducted by preparing a series of culture tubes where each tube contains a liquid medium and a different concentration of an antimicrobial agent. These tubes are then inoculated with the test organism and then incubated. After the incubation they are examined for growth.I. Define the following: a. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC): this is the lowest concentration of antimicrobial agent that is capable of preventing growth of the organism undergoing the tube dilution test b. Zone of Inhibition: this is the area surrounding the high potency disk of a chemotherapeutic agent where growth is inhibited in an agar diffusion test. J. What were the results of the Kirby-Bauer test for S. epidermidis? S. epidermidis was sensitive to Novobiacin S. epidermidis was resistant to Penicillin S. epidermidis was intermediate in the case of Gentamicin

A Midwifery Community Profile Health And Social Care Essay

A Midwifery Community Profile Health And Social Care Essay This community profile is based on an area in the outskirts of Glasgow and the objective is to identify the current provisions of maternity care and other health care services, which cater for the needs of the local population in the physical, emotional, intellectual and social needs for groups in the community, additionally, commenting on any deficits in care. Health promotions have been identified as resources that will enhance the health of this specific community’s health and are included in the profile. Also, the role and contribution of the midwifery services is explored, along with other primary healthcare providers and how they use teamwork to deliver healthcare to the community. Professional and ethical issues have been discussed throughout the profile and as all aspects of health are unrelated and interdependent, (Ewles & Simnett, 1992: Ch1 p7), a holistic and professional view has been taken to evaluate the needs, and health services of this community. The RCM beli eves that truly woman-centered care must encompass midwifery-led care of normal pregnancy, birth and the postnatal period and services that are planned and delivered close to women and the communities in which they live or work, (NHS Evidence, 2008). This statement shows the importance of a community midwife, as their role is to not only provide the clinical skills, but also be accessible for support and advice at the time of much adjustment for a woman. If the midwife can become a part of the woman’s community, getting to know the woman and her family more personally, learning to understand their lives and the nature of the life around them, she will be able to be more responsive and understanding to them as individuals, and move away from the depersonalization of the institution. Individual societies each have their own specific needs and characteristics, and it is vital for a midwife to know her area well in order to respond appropriately, along with poverty levels and rac ial mixes (Fraser and Cooper 2009, p. 43). Community-based care can be in the home or in community hospitals and centers, but is a process that emphasizes consultation, collaboration, and referral to the professionals who are most appropriately prepared to meet the women ¹s needs (Walsh, 2001). It is also vital that women are educated and â€Å"women should be given appropriate, accurate and unbiased information based on research that would allow and encourage them to make informed choices in relation to their care† (Baston & Green, 2002). Women from different backgrounds, and areas can often have very contrasting education levels and as a midwife, it is essential to know your neighborhood well in order to take these into consideration when communicating with a woman. The area chosen for this community profile is in the south west of Glasgow, which will now be referred to as area X, with a population of 10,024 (RDC – Registrar General’s Census, 2001). Table 1: Age Distribution – Area X Indicator Number Percentage Population aged 0-15 2,400 23.9% Population ages 16-64 6,463 64.5% Population aged 65+ 1161 11.6% The majority of the population is in the age range 16-64 years and the relevant health care services in the community for this group are the antenatal clinics, family planning and screening clinics.

Alzhiemers Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Alzhiemers - Term Paper Example Alzheimers disease is a neurological disorder leading to dementia, and most commonly described as loss of mental abilities such as memory and reasoning. With its progressive nature, it manifests as slight memory and language problems in the beginning and further leading to confusion, personality and behavioral changes. Thus, this disease manifests in the form of cognitive and behavioral symptoms. This disease affects the brain cells, nerves, and the neurotransmitters in the brain. This disease commonly affects people aged above 65 years; the chance of getting affected is about one in 20, and after the age of 80, chances further increase to one in five. In Europe, studies of 2000 have shown that about 15% of population aged over 65 years and 3% aged over 80 years were affected by this disease (Barnes, J, Archer, H, and Fox, N.C; 2007). Till date, no ultimate cure has been found for this disease. This disease requires a symptomatic treatment through periodic clinical, pathological tests, and disease modifying therapies coupled with a thorough monitoring of disease progression, all of which can provide maximum benefit. Treatment plans for Alzheimers disease include cognitive and behavioral symptoms management separately. The first description of Alzheimer’s disease dates back to 1906, named after Alzheimer, and was first granted by his mentor, Kraepelin in 1910 (Bellanger, J F; 2006). In his eighth edition of Handbook of psychiatry, Kraepelin explained the autopsy study corresponding with Alzheimer’s description and similar to the changes that represented the most serious form of senile dementia. Despite the connection of Alzheimer’s disease discovery to Alios Alzheimer’s, there has been lot of debate over the issue as these symptoms were already noticed by other scientists and reported. Nevertheless, there is not much evidence that

Ethical dilemma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Ethical dilemma - Essay Example agreement by society as to whether the decision to have an abortion should completely be on a medical basis without considering the rights of the unborn child. Many religions condemn the ending of life, especially of a defenseless unborn child. The Muslim faith sees life as sacred. The same applies to other religions and hence abortion is strongly condemned. In Kuwait, having an abortion is considered killing the unborn child mercilessly. However, when the life of the person carrying the pregnancy is in danger, the real moral issue as to whether to consider the unborn child as a real human being arises (Lindahl, 1999). Many Muslim faithful in Kuwait view the pregnancy as a person with a soul and hence should be respected as any other human being. In cases where the pregnancy was not planned, or birth control methods did not work, many potential mothers are left with the dilemma of deciding whether to carry the pregnancy to full term or to have an abortion. Reasons for such thoughts could be financial inability to care for the child or the shame of getting pregnant outside marriage. Many such women would opt to have an abortion to avoid the consequences of having to deal with such a pregnancy. Nevertheless, the thought of killing an innocent "child" with the potential of growing into a complete human being does not stop ringing in their minds thus such women are really troubled as to what is the best action to take. Society is bound to shame or completely reject them associating with other people because of such pregnancies, hence such women are forced to avoid such occurrences by having an abortion. On the other hand, their relationship with Allah never leaves them, placing them in very unsure situations as to what is the best way out of such a situation Nurses and doctors are not also left out in this never ending debate on abortion. A religious nurse or doctor might find himself or herself faced with a situation whereby chances of both the mother and unborn

Evaluation Microsoft Word Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Evaluation Microsoft Word - Assignment Example The evaluation phase shall also serve the purpose of collecting data with the purpose of using the gathered information to customize the training program in line with specific client needs. In designing the evaluation, it is intended that valuable empirical data shall be gathered with which the instructor can use to make changes to the training program as may be deemed necessary. Depending on observations made and trends noted, the instructor may use the empirical data to make modifications to the original training program. Rather than strictly adhere to a single approach, conduction the evaluation offers room for adaptability of the training program in line with specific conditions and competence of individual learner. Evaluation will be approached through three different prisms under levels, 1, 2 and 3. The three levels shall be: Under level 1, the following shall be measured: learners’ perceptions of the importance of the training, the ease with which the training has simplified operations, the facilitation style of the teacher, the in-depth of the training and appropriateness of the training in relation to daily activities at work. Level 2 will be used to assess the training-learning outcome of the program. Specifically, it will be used to measure the student’s ability to review documents for spelling, grammar, punctuations, make comments for correction of mistakes on a word document, restrict editing of papers and compare two documents for similarity index. It will also be used to measure students’ ability to manage envelops and labels for purposes of hardcopy mailings, start mail merge, select mail recipients, and auto-check for errors. Finally, level 3 will be used by the supervisors and Human Resource Department to assess the level of competence gained in the aftermath of the train ing program. The acquired competence will be directly proportional to the performance. Measurement of

FAMILY LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

FAMILY LAW - Essay Example Prior to this act, domestic violence was dealt under the provisions of several different acts. This act supplanted them and integrated them into one act3. The previous provisions had been ambiguous, confusing and were unable to deal with all the aspects of domestic violence. They had prescribed different norms for dealing with domestic violence and were applied to a very narrow range of relationships. Different courts had delivered significantly different decisions; and there was considerable variation in the remedies applied by different courts for similar types of domestic violence. The new act did away with this confusion and disparity to a great extent4. The present situation in the UK is that an individual can be prosecuted on charges of domestic violence, through several criminal justice provisions. However, the victims of domestic violence can only invoke the family law act for remedies and civil initiatives, to get protection against such violence. The family law act is preferred by most of the women to initiate civil action against offenders5. There are two reasons for this; first, victims of domestic violence do not want to invoke criminal proceedings against such violence, because once the prosecution is under way, they will be unable to control or stop the process, which will be controlled by the police authorities, who will take decisions regarding the subsequent steps in the process6. These authorities decide whether the matter is to be brought before the Crown Prosecution Service. At this juncture, the victim cannot stop the process and there is risk of subsequent retaliation by the offender against the victim. Secondly, victims of domestic violence are generally women; and many women do not want the offender to obtain a criminal record7. Thus, most women seek non – molestation orders, which imposes restrictive measures on the perpetrator and restrain him from committing such acts in future; and

Governance and Sustainability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Governance and Sustainability - Essay Example Tesco PLC Tesco is the leading food retailer in the UK and operates globally in excess of 2318 stores located in different countries across the globe. It is worth mentioning that Tesco operates in more than 1878 stores alone in the UK. Apparently, it can be stated that the UK is the largest market of the company. At the same time, the company engages more than 326,000 people globally. Primarily, the company has been viewed to operate under four operating divisions namely Superstore, Metro, Extra and Express that does not deal only in selling food products but also involved in selling of various non- food products (Dataminotor, 2004). Additionally, Tesco’s envisages establishing itself as greatly valued company by its customers and the communities where it operates. The company intends to be highly valued not only by its customers but also from its employees and shareholders perspective. Furthermore, it is expected that the market share of Tesco shall expand at a significant ra te in the UK and other parts of the world (Tesco, 2013). Hence, due to the steady growth in its international business, it has been estimated that the company will significantly strive to increase its overall profitability as well as consolidate its strengths in Asian and European nations (Datamonitor, 2004). Moreover, the company constitute the world’s biggest online market with the total annual sales of over ?577million. On the other hand, the profit of the company has also viewed to be increased steadily over the years. Evidently, during the fiscal year 2010-11, the profit before taxation of Tesco stood at 12.3%, which is quite greater as compared to the previous year i.e. 2009-2010. At the... This paper stresses that Tesco along with its competitors like Sainsbury are duly engaged in conducting various important CSR activities. Additionally, the analysis of CSR activities of Tesco and Sainsbury illustrates that the involvement and the accountability of all the stakeholders like customers, suppliers, communities, shareholders, investors and environmentalists towards ensuring sustainable business performance are crucial for the success of an effective CSR strategy. This report makes a conclusion that CSR activities are considered to be one of the important factors for the success of the businesses of different organisations. Evidently, CSR activities are not associated with earning substantial profit from the business operations; rather it deals with ensuring healthy environment and steady community development as well. In relation to CSR activities, Tesco, the UK based leading retail company has undertaken significant approaches towards improving and facilitating enhanced social and environmental development. It is worth mentioning that the business operations of Tesco is not limited within the UK only but scattered throughout the globe. The company strictly follows GRI framework for the preparation of its sustainability reports. Furthermore, the company has shown its firm commitment towards diminishing carbon footprint and other measure relating to CSR. Similarly, the efforts of its one of the major competitors like Sainsbury cannot be overlo oked.